Agricultural Water Purifying Quality Criteria


tarimsal-su-aritimi-ters-osmoz-sistemleri-antalyaAlthough the concentrations of salts that may be presented in irrigation waters are classified by various methods, and these classes are for the following reasons not absolute.
– Specific relationship between the concentration of salts in irrigation water with the composition. In general, the salt concentration of irrigation water in soil is varying between 2 and 10.
– Plants, total to withstand both salinity and specific ion show large differences from each other in terms of toxicity.
– Crops irrigation water quality with rainfall, temperature and relative humidity, such as climatic conditions, soil types and irrigation operations rather affects.
– The relationships between the compounds in the irrigation water are also important. The effect of the presence of an ion with other ions can vary. Mutual relations examples of calcium, sodium, boron, nitrate, selenium, sulfate can be provided as well.

The four most important criteria in determining the quality of irrigation water are given below.
1. The total concentration of soluble salts,
2. The ratio of sodium to other cations,
3. The concentration of specific ions
4. In some conditions, calcium+magnesium concentration is the concentration of bicarbonate ions

The Total Concentration Of Soluble Salts
With the amount of salt in water a linear relationship between the electrical conductivity and the electrical conductivity of the water can be measured easily because the salt content of the water quality in terms of electrical units is dS/m = MS/cm or mmhos/cm micromhos/cm is given as. mmhos/cm micromhos/cm. Electrical conductivity of the water used in irrigated agriculture as the most successful is less than 2,250 MS/cm.

The Ratio Of Sodium Relative To Other Cations
The amount of other cations, particularly sodium ions of calcium and magnesium in the water quality system of irrigation water can influence on a large extent on the ratio. This ratio is also known as The sodium adsorption ratio (SAR).

Concentrations of Specific Ions Agriculture Water
The concentrations of specific ions in irrigation water is provided as total salt concentrations of the soil solution due to the osmotic pressure and generally affects the degree of water use by plants. Apart from that the osmotic pressure of the solution is not related to the development of the plant but it has an affecting component. This property of some ions found in water can have toxic (harmful) effects.

IRON TOLERANCE LIMITS IN IRRIGATION WATER

ELEMENT Continuous use limit for all kinds of soil (mg/1) Limit on short-term use in light soils (mg/1)
Aluminum 1,0 20,0
Arsenic 1,0 10,0
Beryllium 0,5 1,0
Bor 0,75 2,0
Cadmium 0,005 0,005
Chrome 5,0 20,0
Cobalt 0,2 10,0
Copper 0,2 5,0
Lead 5,0 20,0
Lithium 5,0 5,0
Mangan 2,0 20,0
Molybdenum 0,005 0,05
Nickel 0,5 2,0
Silenium 0,05 0,05
Vanadium 10,0 10,0
Zinc 5,0 10,0

A few of these with toxic effects of trace elements mg/1 at concentrations of less than in water, and the elements in the soil solution. The majority of this toxic heavy metal trace elements is classified by all practitioners. Some of them are presented in very small amounts for plants (Fe, FR, Zn, mn, co and Mo) which is needed, while in some it is not necessary. However, for all plants and animals at high concentrations or doses the mentioned chemicals can be toxic. Some of these elements are not found naturally in water and soil. But as a result it has an access to water sources of industrial pollution.

Classification of irrigation waters according to their resistance to Bor minerals

Bor concentration in irrigation water
Irrigation water class Sensitive plants(*) Moderately resistant plants (**) Durable plants (***)
1 0,33 less  0,67 less  1,0 less
2 0,33 0,67 0,67 1,33 1,00
3 0,67 1,00 1,33 2,00 2,00
4 1,00 1,25 2,00 2,50 3,00
5 1,25 more 2,50 more 3,75 more 1,25 more 2,50 more 3,75 more 1,25 more 2,50 more 3,75 more

* Example: Walnut, Lemon, Fig, Apple, Grape and Bean
** Example: Barley, Wheat, Corn, Oats, Olives and Cotton
*** Example: Sugar Beet, Clover, Bean, Onion, Lettuce and Carrot

Calcium And Magnesium-Bicarbonate Related Concentration
If irrigation water contains high concentrations of bicarbonate in the soil solution. it becomes more concentrated, calcium and magnesium as carbonate precipitation is following. In this case, if calcium and magnesium in the soil solution are reduced, and thus increase the rate of sodium, as a result, sodium ions and sodium loss become dominant.
It varies according to the type of resistance of plants to bicarbonate ions. Sometimes that will cause substantial losses and even in low osmotic concentrations toxic effects can be seen.

Classification of irrigation waters according to persistent sodium carbonate content

Water Class Persistent Sodium Carbonate(RSC) me/L
1. Class (acceptable) 1,25 less
2. Class (marginal) 2,50
3. Class (not appropriate) 2,50 more

The classification value of the electrical conductivity

In this system considered the close relationship between the salt concentration in the water conductivity, electrical conductivity is divided into four main categories according to the values.
1.Class: less salty water (Ci – electrical conductivity the value of 0-250 microsiemens/cm)
Soil salinity of this water for irrigation without causing problems for each plant and is appropriate and can be used. The very low permeability soils that occur spontaneously under normal irrigation conditions except for clearing problem.
2. Class: middle-salty waters (C2 – 250-750 the value of the electrical conductivity microsiemens/cm)
Moderately salt tolerant plants, this water is easily used. Salt-sensitive plants should be given a wash.
3.Class: high saline waters (C3 – 750-2, the value of the electrical conductivity.250 microsiemens/cm)
Continuous use of this water in the case of regular washing is made to avoid the problem of salinity and the implementation of the program requires special tillage. Drainage should not be used on soils that are not good. However, salt-tolerant plants can be used to irrigate.
4.Class: very high saline waters (C4 – 2.250 the value of the electrical conductivity microsiemens/cm, more than one)
This water is not suitable for irrigation under normal conditions

Sodium according to classification:

Sodium adsorption ratio of irrigation water is taken into consideration. From this direction the effect of sodium on soil physical properties may be changed based on the classification. However, the physical properties of the soil that can damage plants which are sensitive to sodium concentration less than sodium even in the presence of sodium in the tissues may be harmed as a result of the accumulation.
1. Class (SAR = 0-10): low-sodium water (S1)
This is appropriate for each soil and each plant of water and sodium loss occurs before they can be used for irrigation. However, sodium sensitive crops such as stone fruit trees and avocados should be provided more careful watering.
2. Class (SAR = 10-18): medium-sodium water (S2)
This water permeability can be used in a variety of light textured and organic soils. Heavy textured soils with high cation exchange capacity, especially under low soil washing can be used under the conditions and in the absence of jips.
3.Class (SAR = 18-26): a high-sodium water (S3)
These waters generally have high permeability, sandy soils low in total salt concentration are used. Wash with plenty of organic matter and proper drainage such as the addition of some specific tillage program is implemented, unless the use of water is inconvenient. Gypsum-containing soils may be able to use.
4.Class (SAR >26): very high-sodium water (S4)
Generally this water is not suitable for irrigation. However, if the total salt concentration is low, high amounts of soluble calcium, by giving importance to wash soils, chemical reclamation of gypsum and similar materials together, it may be able to use under the given condition.